Mayerling ~ Wednesday, January 30, 1889

On the morning of January 31, 1889, the people of Vienna awoke to a shocking news that chilled the streets, veiled by the icy winter fog, into silence. On every newspaper of the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire front-paged appears the news of the tragic death of the heir to the throne, Archduke Rudolf, which had occurred the previous morning from a heart failure while he was at his hunting lodge in Mayerling, in the Vienna Woods. Time seemed to stand still for a moment, for Vienna, for the whole Old Continent, for the entire world. As the hours passed, it was discovered that he wasn't alone, he was together with his lover, Marie Vetsera, and they had both died from gunshot wounds.

~ My Little Old World ~ has already dealt with this topic some years ago (click HERE to read the post published on January 30, 2014), but new developments prompt me to retract it. Let's look at what happened in order. At 6:30 that morning, the prince's personal valet, Johann Loschek, hears a shot coming from the room where Rudolf was sleeping. He had spent merrily the previous evening with his usual companions: the inseparable Josef Bratfisch, his personal coachman, a good-natured, singing man with a quick wit; Count Joseph Theodor von Hoyos, his aide-de-camp; and Johann Loschek, of course. Before retiring to his room at about midnight, Rudolf had bidden farewell, asking the latter to wake him at 7:00 a.m. He had to have breakfast and then meet up with the friends who accompanied him whenever a hunting trip was planned: Count Hoyos, already in Mayerling, and his friend and brother-in-law, Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who would be joining them from Vienna that early morning. Hearing the shot, Loschek rushes to the door of his room but finds it bolted from the inside. A first question arises here: why would Rudolf have locked the door from the inside with the latch, thus making it unopenable from the outside, when the night before he had instructed Loscheck to be woken at a very specific time? But let's return to the story of the events of that fateful morning: Loscheck is unable to open the door of Rudolf’s room by himself. It takes the strength of two men and the aid of a lever. He then turns to Hoyos for his help. Once the door is open, the scene that unfolds before their eyes is nothing short of horrifying, so much so that they cannot explain it, much less comprehend it: the small window bangs forcefully in time with the gusts of the icy north breeze caressing the snow that has continued to fall throughout the night; someone has entered through that very window, forcing the handle, and, from there, quickly escaped, leaving the ladder he used to go up and down leaning against the windowsill. The table that was against the wall now appears torn down in the center of the room, in a pool of blood; the other furniture has also been moved and stained with blood. In all honesty, blood is everywhere. Generous splashes distressingly paint the walls, especially the one supporting the bed on which lie the lifeless bodies of Rudolf and his very young lover, the seventeen-year-old Baroness Marie Vetsera, who had followed him there and joined him the night before. There were traces left by large men near the window, and footprints and blood were also visible on the ladder, demonstrating that the prince had not only resisted for a long time before surrendering to death, but had also wounded one of his attackers. But above all, it is on the floor, in the center of the room, that there is a huge pool of it... 

What does it mean? Perhaps Rudolf and Marie didn't die in the bed they were found in? That doesn't really appear to be the scene of a suicide, but, for everyone, it had to become such. Count Hoyos appears to gather courage and offers himself to bring the news of the incident to the emperors. He then sets out on foot to the Baden station where he awaits the first train to the capital. Rudolf's other three companions—Loschek, his coachman Bratfisch, and Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who had arrived in the meantime and had witnessed his heartbreaking state—ride home and will arrive in Vienna before him. But no one will ever know it. Why does Hoyos act so calmly? He should have ridden as fast as the wind to the Hofburg. Instead, he will be the last to arrive in Vienna. A few hours after hearing the news of the tragedy, the emperor summons four men before him—THE MAYERLING WITNESSES—to buy their silence. They should never have confided to anyone what they had seen in the hunting lodge where Rudolf was still laying on his deathbed. Only one man will not keep his promise, and he will do so because he feels a heavy conscience: it will be Hoyos, complicit in the death of the crown prince who had blindly trusted him. He will confess the incident and his guilt to his brother Ladislaus, and from him the truth about Mayerling will be passed from father to son for several generations. It was never made known. Until the year 2022, when the journalist François Varay published the book Mayerling, la vérite révélée. Un secret de famille dévoilé, for the Parisian publisher Michel de Maule. He was the younger half-brother of the Franco-Austrian journalist Ladislas de Hoyos, known as the man who tracked down Klaus Barbie, the Nazi leader and head of the Gestapo in Paris during the World War II, who had taken refuge in Argentina. From then on, this descendant of Rudolf's aide-de-camp went on gaining fame in France, even hosting the news on the TF1 television channel. Having no children, he orally passed on all his knowledge to the author of this book, and, obviously, what is revealed goes beyond conjecture and represents one piece of a very complex mosaic. Although these are oral evidences, that is not supported by written documents, they're are anyway worth to be considered, for they're quite interesting and make us think.

It was 13 June, 1886, when King Ludwig II of Bavaria, Sissi's forty-one-year-old beloved cousin, also known as "The Fairytale King," was found dead under suspicious circumstances. That case, too, was considered a suicide, or rather, a suicide by drowning—hard to believe, given that he was an excellent swimmer—but the proofs were silted- up. Everything was quickly hushed up. The King of Bavaria, though politically absent, was somewhat of a nuisance to Wilhelm II of Prussia, which aspired to create a confederation of German States. For his chancellor, Count Otto von Bismarck, who was his shadow, or perhaps it's better to say his right hand, it would have been easy to get rid of that man of singular sensitivity and intellect, which were never understood and were interpreted as clear signs of madness. By becoming a patron of Wagner, of whom he was a fervent admirer, he had saved him and his family from absolute poverty. His only concern was spending exorbitant sums to surround himself with castles built in keeping with medieval chivalric ideals married to Norse mythology, legends that his musician friend would adapt into operas to be performed in theaters. Given his lifestyle and the mental illness that, it was said, was afflicting him for so long, few would have believed his passing to be accidental. In everyone's eyes, he was an extremely fragile and vulnerable man. On 13 June, at 6:30 PM, he asked to take a walk with Dr. Bernhard von Gudden, whom his ministers, who thought their king to be incompetent, always wanted him to accompany him. The latter accepted, telling the guards not to follow them. The two men never returned: both were found prone, lifeless, in the waters of Lake Starnberg half an hour before midnight. But there were two others Bismarck had to "eliminate" on the orders of his Kaiser: one of them was none other than Rudolf. Two and a half years had passed since the disappearance of the King of Bavaria, first on the "Iron Chancellor's" list, and perhaps the time had come to organize another plot to eliminate the second one. United with Austria and Russia in the Triple Alliance, Prussia aspired to the most ruthless conservatism, which is why it enjoyed the sympathies of Emperor Franz Joseph, sympathies that were clearly mutual. Wilhelm II, on the other hand, harbored a clear antipathy for Crown Prince Rudolf, also mutual. In IL PICCOLO on January 30, 2019, on the occasion of the publication of the essay Mayerling, Anatomia di un Omicidio, written by Fabio Amodeo and Mario José Cereghino for Mgs Press, the following was stated:

«According to the great Hungarian-born French historian François Fejtö, author of Requiem per un impero defunto (Mondadori), it was actually the German Kaiser Wilhelm II who hatched the plot. Rudolf's sworn enemy was reciprocated: ‘At most, I would gladly meet Wilhelm on a hunting trip to rid the world of him in an elegant manner,’ Rudolf had stated. In short, a state crime, disguised as suicide, in which poor Vetsera was implicated as an inconvenient witness to be eliminated.»

François Fejtö's simple but acute intuition will be confirmed by Count Hoyos's descendant. As we have seen and will see as we read further, Count Hoyos was not only informed of the detailed course of the Mayerling conspiracy, because he was supposed to be part of it; he also knew the details of the entire plot hatched by Bismarck, of which Mayerling was merely an "episodic moment." But how did events really unfold at the hunting lodge located in the Vienna Woods of Niederösterreich (Lower Austria)?

A few days before the tragedy, some witnesses noted, in a chalet near Rudolf's castle in Mayerling, the presence of two men they had never seen before. They spoke with a remarkable Prussian accent and claimed to be hunters, but they were not carrying hunting rifles: they were two of Bismarck's snipers, tasked with eliminating the crown prince of the Danubian Dual Monarchy, one of the pawns Bismarck had placed on his chessboard. Obviously, Rudolf did not surrender to death that fateful morning. This is why the scene that originally presented itself to the first four witnesses was not that of a suicide, but rather that of a fight; and this is why Hoyos himself offered to carry news of the tragedy to the imperial palace: he had been chosen as the Prussian snipers' accomplice. He was the other pawn. At this point, it's easy to understand why he chose the longest route to Vienna: he had to stall. As soon as he left Mayerling, he passed through the neighboring village of Alland. Here he contacted the carpenter and the blacksmith, who had their workshops there, and tasked them with restoring the room where the bodies of Rudolf and the young Marie lay lifeless, prematurely stiffened by the cold that entered through the broken window. They needed time to repair it by replacing the broken handle from the outside and the shattered glass; replace the floorboards in the central part of the room, which were irreparably stained with blood; repair the furniture and put it back in its place.

«It was Bismarck who had the prince assassinated. The Emperor of Austria knew about it, but he could do nothing. The Germans sent spies who killed the prince and his mistress. And it was my ancestor, Count Hoyos, who made things easier for them by later providing false deposition. [...]» (François Varay, Mayerling, la vérite révélée. Un secret de famille dévoilé Éditions Michel de Maule, Paris, 2022, p. 174.).

The author goes so far as to compare the story to a Greek tragedy in which the king sacrifices his own son in the name of the unity of the kingdom (see François Varay, Mayerling, la vérite révélée: Un secret de famille dévoilé, op. cit. p. 183.). Indeed, enriched with these final details, Mayerling's tragedy possesses all the elements of a Greek tragedy.

The third man Bismarck had his eye on was Johann Salvator, Rudolf's great-cousin, a member of the Tuscan branch of the Habsburg-Lorraine family, his confidant and inseparable companion. Upon hearing the tragic news of what had happened at Mayerling, Franz Josef wanted to travel there to see for himself the situation, which, moreover, had already been duly distorted. Perhaps only then did he truly realize how much he had been unable to prevent it. Karl Salvator, his trusted cousin and Johann Salvator's older brother, accompanied him. When the latter learned of the tragedy, which was reported to him in detail by a direct and reliable source, he was inevitably struck by panic: he could not believe that Rudolf had disappeared in such a dramatic way and sensed that soon he too would suffer a similar fate to that of the prince he loved like a brother and with whom he shared liberal and democratic ideals. This was why they were both considered subversive and potential threats to the political stability of the empire, as well as being regarded with suspicion. As soon as he regained control of his actions and his clarity, Johann Salvator approached the emperor, asking for the renunciation of his noble titles and the privileges associated with them, which by right of blood were his, and for a new surname: he wanted to be called Johann Orth. Only by changing his identity would Johann Salvator become untraceable. Not only that, he could finally fulfill his dream of marrying his beloved Ludmilla-Milly Stübel, the  ballet dancer at the Vienna State Opera: he had long been engaged to her, but his rank prevented him from joining her and starting a family. 

Franz Josef granted him everything he had asked, but ordered him never to return to any territory of the empire. For him, this will not be a problem at all: after reaching London and taking the more Anglicized name of John, he got married and sailed for the South Americas. He disappeared by faking a shipwreck (see Daniela Lasagnini, Il figlio americano di Rodolfo D'Asburgo, Mgs Press, Trieste, 2021, chap. IV, John Orth, pp. 53-62).

Returning to Mayerling, I resume the discussion with the phrase that Franz Josef uttered after seeing his son torn apart, a phrase that only now takes on a deeper meaning:

«The truth is far worse than one can imagine!»

After the funeral, he insisted that from then on no one would ever mention Rudolf's name again: it was as if his son had never existed, although I believe not a day went by in his life when he didn't think about what he had allowed to happen. In the 1980s, the former Empress Zita, née Bourbon-Parma, consort of the last Austrian Emperor, Karl I, returned to Vienna several times after some sixty years of exile and widowhood. Determined to shed light on the "Mayerling Events," she gave a series of interviews to the Kronen Zeitung and made statements to Austrian television: she was the only one to know what had happened, both through family lineage and marriage, as Nerio De Carlo also argued in his 2013 essay, Non desiderare la patria d'altri, published by the Trieste-based publishing house Holzwege. She maintained that Rudolf had not committed suicide, but had been the victim of a conspiracy and assassinated. She was the first to speak of a conspiracy, and so far her words correspond to the reality we now know. But going further, she claimed that the perpetrators were Austrian and French secret agents, and that the motive, in the first case, was Rudolf's sympathy for Hungary, in the second the friction that had arisen with Clemenceau's France. Zita likely knew the whole truth, but fearing not to be authorized to make it public, revealed only a part of it. The fact remains that she deserves credit for rehabilitating the crown prince, who had been debased first by the theory of suicide and then by the subsequent theory of a mental illness "invented" by the emperor to obtain permission from the Holy Father to celebrate the funeral rite in church. Indeed, history portrayed him as violent towards himself, depressed by the abuse of narcotics, which he took as painkillers, and alcohol, discouraged by his father's exclusion from political affairs, and bored with life. And that night, De Carlo writes in his essay, according to the former empress,

«As a precaution, the window shutters had to remain closed, and not even the telegraph was allowed to work. There was to be no contact, not even telegraphic, with anyone [...] Baroness Mary Vetsera was staying in another part of the building so as not to be compromised. The Prince's room was carefully locked from the inside.» (Nerio de Carlo, Non desiderare la patria d’altri, Holzwege, Trieste, 2016, p. 50.).

Poor Marie was in the wrong place at the wrong time, but she was useful in giving substance to the double suicide hypothesis: murdered elsewhere and many hours before Rudolf, she was then laid next to him. The former Empress Zita knew that Rudolf did not abandon himself to death and fought long before being impeccably struck by his assassins:

«During this struggle, the fingers of the hand that was spasmodically holding the table, which had become his only protection, were severed. When it fell from his hand, he was brutally killed.» (Ibid.)

In the photograph taken of Rudolf's death body and released to the press, we see him not only with his skull wrapped in bandages, but also with his hands bandaged, so that his fingers are not visible. This explains the reason for this bandage, which even Gisella, the deceased's younger sister, could not explain herself. And it also explains why the table lay immersed in a pool of blood: it was the blood that had seeped from his brutally severed fingers, and likely from the blow that took his life. It is likely that Rudolf was mortally wounded there, and then laid on the bed, already lifeless. Even the former Emperor Karl I, while he was alive, worked to shed light on this affair, which, after decades, continued to be shrouded in mystery, and sought concrete evidence. Therefore, Zita also felt compelled to declare that:

«Karl I knew that there must be a telegram in the Vatican explaining the true causes of the heir to the throne's death. The religious authorities had, in fact, prohibited a religious burial as soon as news of the alleged suicide leaked. From his Swiss exile, Karl I attempted to obtain a copy of that clarifying telegram sent to the Holy Father. The response was that the document had indeed existed, but that the newly formed Austrian Republican Government had requested the original be returned immediately after the proclamation of the Republic. The original was returned without a copy being made.» (Nerio de Carlo, Non desiderare la patria d'altri, op. cit., p. 56.).

Hard to believe when the evidence of all the secrets that history has handed down to us are jealously guarded within the walls of the Vatican palaces…

CARRYING ARCHDUKE RUDOLF'S COFFIN IN MAYERLING.

SOURCES:

Fabio Amodeo, Mario José Cereghino, Mayerling, Anatomia di un Omicidio, Mgs Press, Trieste, 2019.

François Varay, Mayerling, la vérite révélée. Un secret de famille dévoilé, Michel de Maule, Paris, 2022. 

Daniela Lasagnini, Il figlio americano di Rodolfo D'Asburgo, Mgs Press, Trieste, 2021.

Nerio de Carlo, Non desiderare la patria d’altri, Holzwege, Trieste, 2013.

I heartily thank You for following me in this so long reading, 
Dearest Readers, 

and I hope You've found it to be interesting!

See you soon ❤

Dany

HERZOG MAX JOSEPH IN BAYERN and his Zither Band.

Herzog Max in Bayern and his Zither Band

Sappiamo tutti che la bellissima ed ammirata Sisi apparteneva, per tramite di padre, al ramo cadetto della casa regnante di Baviera, che mai ne avrebbe ereditato il trono - infatti il Duca Maximilian (1808-1888), figlio del Duca Pius August in Bayern e della Principessa Amalie Luise von Arenberg del ramo cadetto dei Wittelsbach è detto IN BAVIERA, non DI BAVIERA a sottolineare proprio cotale collateralità ... 
Dopo aver frequentato una scuola pubblica come qualsiasi altro cittadino di Monaco, egli si laureò in Storia e Scienza, e nel 1828 dovette sospendere i suoi studi in letteratura per sposare, contro la propria volontà, la Principessa Ludovika Wilhelmine, figlia del Re Maximilian I von Bayern: un matrimonio imposto dal nonno (e re) per sollevare, anche economicamente, le fortune della famiglia e riavvicinare la linea reale della dinastia ... 

Engagement Portrait of Empress Elisabeth's parents Princess Ludovika of Bavaria and Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria, by Joseph Stieler.

Va da sé che il denaro che la famiglia appena costituita poteva possedere era quello di una qualsiasi famiglia medio-alto borghese, completamente estranea agli agi di corte, ma il creativo e versatile duca, di cui già QUI vi parlai a proposito di quanto di gioioso trasmise alla sua prole, soprattutto alla futura imperatrice d'Austria ( alla quale comunicò il suo amore per l'arte, per la mitologia, la musica, per la natura e a cui spesso diceva che doveva muoversi come fosse una farfalla e non strisciando i piedi come fanno le dame ! ) riusciva spesso a trovare il modo per guadagnare proventi sufficienti per fare vivere dignitosamente la numerosa figliolanza che animava le ampie stanze del Castello di Possenhofen (acquistato nel 1838 ), in estate, e quelle del Herzog-Max-Palais nella Münchner Ludwigstraße, il palazzo di Monaco, durante la stagione dal clima più rigido. 

Per chi non lo conoscesse a fondo, il popolo di origine teutonica, che si tratti di abitanti dell'odierna Austria o della Germania, ha la musica nel sangue, come si suol dire, ovvero possiede un'innata inclinazione per la danza e per suonare qualsiasi strumento, ne è l'esempio più eclatante la 'dinastia' degli Strauss che fece danzare tutti gli europei, e non solo, che vissero durante il periodo romantico, ovvero l'era vittoriana ... ebbene, il duca Max, come era familiarmente chiamato e conosciuto, non sfuggiva a tale legge della natura ed era non solo un abilissimo suonatore di cetra e di pianoforte, ma compose anche alcune polke e valzer ( oggi trovate tutte le sue composizioni raccolte in: Die im Druck erschienenen Kompositionen von Herzog Maximilian in Bayern: Ländler, Walzer, Polka, Schottisch, Mazurka, Quadrillen und Märsche für Pianoforte, Zither, Gitarre oder Streichinstrumente, München: Musikverlag Emil Katzbichler, 1992 ).

 Max Joseph in Bayern mentre suona la cetra, sullo sfondo troneggia il castello di Possenhofen che si affaccia sulle acque del lago Starnberg

Si narra che talora indossasse i costumi tradizionali bavaresi - che gli garantivano di muoversi in incognito - e che si recasse a suonare la cetra nei ristoranti, accompagnato dalla sua piccola Elisabeth, che ballava al suono della musica per poi raccogliere denari tra i tavoli.

Dancing the Steirer, with zither music. Drawing by C.B.Binzer. 

'Das war das einzig Ehrlich Verdiente Geld' ('Fu quello l'unico denaro onestamente guadagnato' ), ebbe ad apostrofare anni dopo.


Beh, che ci crediate o no, il Duca Max fu uno dei promotori più importanti della musica popolare bavarese del XIX° secolo. Sotto la sua influenza la cetra cominciò ad essere utilizzata in ambienti di corte per divenire, infine, riconosciuta quale strumento musicale nazionale della Baviera e proprio grazie al suo interesse ricevette il soprannome di cetra-Maxl.

Il padre della sposa, Max in Baviera, strimpella il suo strumento preferito, la cetra, con la coppia imperiale sul lago di Starnberg, sullo fondo Possenhofen.

Durante una visita al castello di Possenhofen, il cugino Ludwig II re di Baviera scorse alcuni spartiti sul pianoforte di Maximilian Joseph siglati dal compositore Richard Wagner, da egli stesso supportato economicamente a partire dal 1863, e probabilmente all'ammirazione che entrambi nutrirono per il musicista nativo di Lipsia si deve l'amore che la stessa Sisi provava per le di lui opere.
Ma non solamente al nome di Wagner quello del Duca Maximilian è legato: Franz Strauss, padre del probabilmente più celebre Richard, fece parte, in qualità di chitarrista, del gruppo musicale capeggiato dal 'nostro' duca !

Leggiamo insieme questo estratto da una delle sue biografie, scritta da Willi Schuh, dal titolo Richard Strauss: A Chronicle of the Early Years 1864-1898: 

[...] Franz aveva quindici anni, nel 1837, quando suo zio gli trovò un posto come chitarrista al servizio del Duca Max a Monaco di Baviera. Altri membri dell'orchestra del duca comprendevano il talento della cetra Johann Petzmayer e due zii di Franz, Joseph Michael Walter e Johann Georg Walter. Il duca stesso suonava la cetra nella sua orchestra. In questa compagnia di musicisti Franz fu incoraggiato dallo zio Joseph a continuare a migliorare la sua formazione pratica e teorica. [...] Fu durante gli anni che Franz trascorse al servizio del Duca Max che riconobbe che il corno era lo strumento per cui si sentiva più portato e per cui avrebbe potuto diventare un 'virtuoso'.


E chissà che, almeno in parte, la costernazione che colse l'Arciduchessa Sofia, madre del futuro Imperatore Francesco Giuseppe, quando il figlio le confessò di voler sposare non già la promessa Nenè, ma la sorella Sisi, non fosse dovuta alla popolarità, o, meglio, alla popolanità - passatemi il termine - di questo nobile che stava sì, divenendo suo parente acquisito, ma con una figlia, futura imperatrice d'Austria, che più di ogni altra gli somigliava ... le si stava parando davanti un gran lavoro da fare per 'addomesticare' una fanciulla che le appariva tanto poco 'signorile' e degna del titolo che stava per acquisire ..., ma la signorilità, l'eleganza e la nobiltà d'animo non le si acquisiscono, sono un dono che la Natura riserva a pochi e quello che sappiamo essere uno spirito libero, indomito per definizione, non lo si 'ammansisce', ... se non lo si comprende, però, e non lo si accetta gli si possono tarpare le ali reprimendo e mortificando, infine, ogni suo slancio vitale, ... questo sì ... ed, ahimè, fu proprio così che accadde, povera amata, ammirata imperatrice !

Sempre più grata per la dedizione e l'affetto con cui seguite ~ My little old world ~, 
auguro ogni bene a ciascuno di voi, carissimi lettori ed amici,


a presto  💕

- picture 1 - Herzog Max in Bayern and his Zither Band




We all know that the beautiful and admired Sisi belonged, by her father, to the junior branch of the ruling family of Bavaria, of which would have never inherited the throne - in fact the Duke Maximilian (1808-1888), son of the Duke Pius August in Bayern and Princess Amalie Luise von Arenberg of the cadet branch of the Wittelsbach were told IN BAYERN, not VON BAYERN, to emphasize the collateral branch of the family they belonged to ...
After attending a public school like any other citizen of Monaco, he graduated in History and Science, and in 1828 he had to suspend his studies in the literature to marry, against his will, Princess Ludovika Wilhelmine, daughter of King Maximilian I von Bayern: a marriage imposed by his grandfather (and king) to raise, even economically, the fortunes of the family and reconnect the royal line of the dynasty ...




- picture 2 - Engagement Portrait of Empress Elisabeth's parents Princess Ludovika of Bavaria and Duke Maximilian Joseph in Bavaria, by Joseph Stieler.




It goes without saying that the money that the newly formed family could afford was that of any upper-middle class family, far from any kind of well-being of the court, but the creative and versatile Duke, whom I already mentioned you HERE for what as joyful he transmitted to his offspring, especially to the future empress of Austria (to which he communicated his love for art, for mythology, for music and nature and to which he often said she had to move like a butterfly and not shuffled as all the ladies do !) could often find a way to earn sufficient income to allow to live in dignity the numerous offspring that animated the large rooms of the Castle of Possenhofen (purchased in 1838), in Summer, and those of the Herzog-Max-Palais in Munich Ludwigstraße, the Monaco Palace, during the season by the harsh climate.

For those unfamiliar with itin the deep, people of Teutonic origin,  both inhabiting of today's Austria and Germany, has music in the blood, as they say, that is a natural inclination for dance and for playing any instrument, the most striking example of it is the 'dynasty' of Strauss which made dance all Europeans, and not only, who lived during the romantic period, or the Victorian era, if you prefer ... well, the Duke Max, as it was familiarly called and known, didn't escape this law of nature and he not only was a skilled player of zither and piano, but also composed some polkas and waltzes (you may find all of his compositions collected in Die im Druck erschienenen Kompositionen von Herzog Maximilian in Bayern: Ländler, Walzer, Polka, Schottisch, Mazurka, Quadrillen und Märsche für Pianoforte, Zither, Gitarre oder Streichinstrumente, München: Musikverlag Emil Katzbichler, 1992 ).




- picture 3 - Max Joseph in Bayern while plays the zither, on the background stands the Possenhofen castle overlooking the waters of Lake Starnberg.




It is said that sometimes, wearing the traditional Bavarian costumes that guaranteed him to move in incognito, he went to play the zither in restaurants, accompanied by his little Elisabeth, who danced to the sound of the music and then collected money among the tables.




- picture 4 - Dancing the Steirer, with zither music. Drawing by C.B.Binzer. 




'Das war das einzig Ehrlich Verdiente Geld' ('That was the only money honestly earned'), he had to say years later.

Well, believe it or not, Duke Max was one of the most important promoters of Bavarian folk music during the XIXth century. Under his influence the zither began to be used in court circles to become, finally, recognized as the national musical instrument of Bavaria and thanks to his interest he received the nickname of zither-Maxl.




- picture 5 - The bride's father, Max of Bavaria, strumming his favorite instrument, the zither, with the imperial couple at Lake Starnberg, the bottom Possenhofen.




During a visit to the Castle of Possenhofen, his cousin King Ludwig II of Bavaria saw some music sheets on Maximilian Joseph's piano signed by the composer Richard Wagner, whom he himself supported financially in 1863, and probably to that admiration them both nurtured for the musician native of Leipzig was due the love the same Sisi felt for his works.
But not only the name of Wagner is linked to that of Duke Maximilian: Franz Strauss, father of the probably most famous Richard, was part, as guitarist, of the band led by 'our' Duke!

Let's read together this excerpt from one of his biographies, written by Willi Schuh, entitled Richard Strauss: A Chronicle of the Early Years 1864-1898: 

[...] Franz was fifteen, in 1837, when his uncle found him a post as guitarist in the service of Duke Max in Munich. Other members of the duke's orchestra included the zither virtuoso Johann Petzmayer and two of Franz's uncles, Joseph Michael Walter and Johann Georg Walter. The duke himself also played zither in his own orchestra. In this company of musicians Franz was encouraged by his uncle Joseph to continue to improve his practical and theoretical education. [...] It was during the years Franz spent in the service of Duke Max that he recognized that the horn was the instrument which meant most to him and on which he could become a virtuoso.

And I wonder if, at least in part, the consternation which seized Archduchess Sophia, mother of the future Emperor Franz Joseph, when his son confessed to want to marry not the already promised Nené, but her younger sister Sisi, wasn't due to the popularity, or rather, to the ordinary person this noble looked at her eyes, who was going, yes, to become her relative in-law, but with a daughter, the future empress of Austria, who more than anyone else was like him ... she was surely thinking of a great amount of work to do to 'tame' a young girl who appeared so little 'elegant' and worthy of the title she was going to acquire ... but the elegance, the gentleness and the and the nobility of heart cannot be taught, they are gifts that nature reserve to a very few people and what we do know to be a free spirit, undaunted by definition, cannot be 'tamed', ... if you do not understand him, though, and you cannot accept him, you might clip his wings repressing and mortifying, eventually, every vital impulse of his, ... yes ... and, alas, it was just the way it happened, poor loved, admired empress !




- picture 6



Increasingly appreciating and loving the dedication and the affection with which you follow  ~ My little old world ~, I'm wishing all my best to each of you, dear readers and friends,

see you soon 💕

LINKING WITH:

BLUE MONDAY

SHARE YOUR CUP

LET'S TALK VINTAGE

VINTAGE CHARM PARTY

PINK SARURDAY

Sophie Charlotte, la graziosa ed inquieta sorella minore dell'Imperatrice Elisabetta d'Austria, vittima di un triste e tragico destino.

Aveva da non molto compiuto nove anni la piccola Sisi quando si trovò ad accogliere tra le proprie braccia la bellissima Sophie Charlotte, il giorno 23 febbraio del 1847, appena venuta alla luce: grandi occhi chiari che sembravano cercare l'azzurro del cielo, capelli biondi come avevano pochi dei Wittelsbach, recava già in sè la promessa di divenire una bellissima e contesa fanciulla.

In questa fotografia la piccola Sophie Charlotte Augustine, 'Sopherl', è ritratta con il fratello minore, Max Emanuel, 'Mapperl'

Ma ella dei Wittelsbach ereditò soprattutto l'irrequietezza, che tanto era caratteristica del temperamento di quel sangue bavarese, e che come accadde anche per la futura imperatrice, Elisabetta, la sorella maggiore che tanto ammirava, condizionerà l'intera sua esistenza.

Da queste immagini si evince come ella cercasse in ogni modo di atteggiarsi come la sorella Elisabeth, acconciandosi come lei e facendosi persino ritrarre in pose analoghe, la futura imperatrice era da lei talmente ammirata da diventare il modello su cui cercava di forgiare sé stessa.

A mano a mano che passava il tempo, affinando i propri modi ed i propri lineamenti,
Sophie si faceva sempre più graziosa ed affascinante, divenendo forse la più piacente delle sorelle Wittelsbach dopo l'imperatrice e cominciarono a farsi avanti i primi pretendenti la sua mano già quando era adolescente; dopo aver rifiutato di sposare il fratello minore dell'Imperatore, divenuto già suo cognato, l'Arciduca Ludwig Victor, accetta di fidanzarsi, innamorata, ma molto sorpresa dalla proposta, con il cugino Ludwig, il bellissimo e famoso Re di Baviera, tanto amato e tanto vicino ad Elisabeth e fu questo probabilmente il periodo più lieto della sua gioventù, quello in cui attendeva, corteggiata, il momento di divenire regina di Baviera e di dare così un'erede alla corona.

L'improvvisa, impulsiva decisione del re di fidanzarsi con la principessa Sofia in Baviera rimase segreto di stato per circa una settimana. Il 22 gennaio, la sera stessa del fidanzamento, Ludwig presenziò con la madre ad una rappresentazione teatrale al teatro di corte. Durante l'intervallo tra il primo ed il secondo atto, insieme alla regina Maria, si recò sul palco del duca Max in Baviera, conducendo poi con sé Sofia nel palco reale: la ragazza incedette al braccio del sovrano, inchinandosi agli spettatori stupiti prima di prendere posto tra madre e figlio. Coloro che assistettero alla scena non impiegarono molto ad immaginarne il significato simbolico, ma si dovette attendere ancora una settimana prima che questa ambigua dichiarazione ricevesse una conferma ufficiale: il 29 gennaio 1867 la notizia del fidanzamento venne comunicata ai due rami del parlamento e fu accolta dagli auguri e dalle congratulazioni dei membri del governo. 1

Lo stesso Ludwig scriverà in quei giorni "Il mio amore per lei è profondo è sincero." 2

Radiosa per il futuro che la attendeva la giovane Sophie cominciò con il comparire su cartoline, immagini, souvenir accanto al suo promesso sposo e a preparare insieme con la madre e le sorelle il corredo per l'imminente sposalizio.

Il vecchio re Luigi I, inviando le sue congratulazioni al nipote, riassunse i sentimenti che molti altri membri della famiglia provavano. " Possa Dio benedire le tue nozze, caro Ludwig ! Da tempo leggo negli occhi della bella Sofia che hai messo profonde radici nel suo cuore ...."3

Tutta la famiglia dei Wittelsbach stava vivendo una gioia profonda, prima fra tutti l'imperatrice che vedeva questa unione come una benedizione per entrambi, anche se Sophie e Ludwig erano molto diversi, molto pratica e forse non molto colta quanto lui avrebbe voluto, lei, molto sognatore e poetico lui ...

Su cortese concessione dell'Associazione Culturale Elisabetta D'Austria

L'Imperatrice Elisabetta d'Austria, in viaggio per Zurigo, si trovò a passare per caso da Monaco proprio quando veniva annunciato il fidanzamento della sorella. Ordinò che il treno si fermasse nella capitale bavarese in modo da poter fare personalmente le congratulazioni alla coppia. Ludwig si era ritirato nella propria camera da letto alla Residenz adducendo la scusa di un forte raffreddore, ma, quando seppe che Elisabetta si trovava alla stazione, si vestì in tutta fretta, si recò a prendere Sofia al palazzo del padre in città e si avviò con lei per incontrare l'imperatrice. Una volta arrivati, Ludwig, con assoluta mancanza di tatto, di fronte alla fidanzata dichiarò ad Elisabetta che ciò che trovava più attraente in Sophie era la sua somiglianza con la sorella maggiore. 4

Durante i loro incontri i giovani erano sempre molto poco comunicativi, e si esprimevano invece molto, per lettera, Ludwig amava scrivere e le inviava quantità innumerevoli di missive ... ed amava parlare, ma di arte, di poesia, di cultura, cose di cui Sophie non s'interessava affatto; dopo un primo rinvio della data delle nozze, fissata per il 25 agosto 1867 al 12 di ottobre, Ludwig volle che fosse ulteriormente posticipata al 28 di novembre, cosa che vide intervenire direttamente il duca Max e che diede quindi l'opportunità al giovane re, divenuto titubante ed incerto, di revocare l'impegno. 

Inutile dire che la giovane cadde nel più totale sconforto e non fu facile per lei trovare la forza morale per riprendersi e tornare ad una vita normale; dopo aver rifiutato altri pretendenti la sua mano tra cui il Principe Luigi del Portogallo, futuro Re e il Duca Filippo del Wurttemberg, l'inquieta Sophie trovò finalmente il giovane adatto a divenire suo marito in casa della zia Regina di Sassonia Amalie Auguste dove si era rifugiata affranta.

Il 28 settembre del 1868 a Possenhofen Sophie Charlotte Augustine sposò il Duca d'Alençon Ferdinand d'Orléans, 

uno dei nipoti di Re Luigi Filippo I al quale diede due bellissimi fanciulli, Louise (19 luglio 1869 ) ed Emmanuel (18 gennaio 1872 )

Sophie Charlotte con il piccolo Emmanuel

Louise ed Emmanuel

Nonostante le gioie che la vita coniugale le stava donando Sophie stava lentamente precipitando in uno stato depressivo dal quale neppure la nascita dei figli riuscì a sollevarla, che culminerà con il progetto della fuga insieme con il suo amante in Svizzera, fatto occultato alle cronache del tempo grazie alla famiglia della moglie e di Karl Theodor, il fratello maggiore di Sophie, che riuscì a bloccare la fuga degli amanti presso Merano e a riportarla a casa dalla sua famiglia: ella aveva 40 anni quando conobbe il dr.Glaser di Graz e se ne innamorò e dopo il summenzionato episodio furono allontanati per sempre.
Ma Sophie non godeva di buona salute e fu perciò fatta internare nella clinica per malattie nervose del famoso dottor Krafft-Ebing di Graz dove diagnosticarono che i suoi disturbi mentali fossero generati da una infezione dovuta alla scarlattina, anche se noi sappiamo che erano piuttosto frequenti nella sua famiglia, probabilmente se non generati, di sicuro aggravati dai frequenti matrimoni tra consanguinei.

Dichiarata guarita dopo alcuni mesi ella decise di dedicarsi con fervore alla religione, votandosi alla preghiera ed ai poveri, ed entrò così a far parte del terzo ordine delle domenicane come suora laica con il nome di Suor Maria Maddalena. 
Dal 3 al 6 maggio 1897 si svolse a Parigi una fiera di beneficenza organizzata dalle domenicane presso il Bazar de la Charité a cui erano stati invitati anche i fratelli Lumière, il cui materiale usato per le pellicole era altamente infiammabile. Dal nulla infatti iniziarono a divampare le fiamme e, mentre tutti scappavano in preda al panico, Sophie Charlotte si preoccupò piuttosto di trarre in salvo quante più persone poteva, non ultime le ragazze che erano con lei dietro il bancone... quando decise di correre via, le fiamme furono più veloci di lei: Sophie aveva al tempo solamente 50 anni. 

Probabilmente fu questo l'ultimo triste episodio, dopo la perdita della piccola Sophie, la figlia primogenita sua e dell'Imperatore Franz Joseph ( Sophie Friederike Dorothea Maria Josepha, Arciduchessa d'Austria,Vienna, 5 marzo 1855 – Budapest, 29 maggio 1857 ), quella dell'amato cugino Ludwig, Re di Baviera ( Monaco, 25 agosto 1845 - Lago di Starnberg, 13 giugno 1886 ) e del figlio Rudolph, Arciduca d'Austria e Principe Ereditario ( Laxenburg 21 agosto 1858 - Mayerling, 30 gennaio 1889 ), scomparse queste ultime legate a cause ancora compiutamente da chiarire, la morte del padre, divenuto anziano ( Duca Max Joseph in Baviera, Bamberga, 4 dicembre 1808 – Monaco di Baviera, 15 novembre 1888 ), quella della sorella maggiore Nenè ( Helene Karoline Theresia, Arciduchessa in Baviera, Monaco di Baviera, 4 aprile 1834 - Ratisbona, 16 maggio 1890 ) e quella della madre affetta da tempo da precoce demenza senile ( la Principessa Maria Ludovica Guglielmina di Baviera, Monaco di Baviera, 30 agosto 1808 - Monaco di Baviera, 25 gennaio 1892 ), l'ultimo episodio, dicevo, cui il fragile cuore dell'Imperatrice dovette cercare di adeguarsi avvertendo sempre più lacerante 'il male di vivere', quel disagio esistenziale che ancora per poco la vedrà ogni giorno affranta, visto che sopravviverà alla sorella di solo circa un anno e mezzo.

Mi scuso se questa volta vi ho fatto leggere molto, ma ci tenevo, per dovere di cronaca e di passione, a riferire nel modo più compiutamente preciso e dettagliato possible, gli eventi.
Vi ringrazio ancora una volta per avermi seguita fin qui e vi auguro ogni bene

a presto ♥

Bibliografia: 

Hellmut Andics, Die Frauen der Habsburger, WILHELM HEYNE VERLAG, München, 1995;

Elisabetta d'Austria, Diario poetico, MGS PRESS SAS, 1998;

Maria Valeria d'Asburgo, La prediletta - Il diario della figlia di Sissi, a cura di Martha e Horst Schad, traduzione di Flavia Floradini, MGS PRESS, 2001;

Brigitte Hamann, Elisabeth. Kaiserin wieder Willen, Amalthea Verlag, Wien, München, 1982;

Greg King, LUDWIG. Genio e follia di un re, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.p.A., 1999;

Gabriele Praschl-Bichler, L'IMPERATRICE ELISABETTA, Longanesi & C. Editore, 1997.

Citazioni: 

1, 2 - Greg King, LUDWIG. Genio e follia di un re, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.p.A., 1999, pag. 181;

2, 3 - op. cit., pag. 182.

- picture 1



The little Sisi had not long turned nine  when she found in her arms the beautiful Sophie Charlotte, on 23 February 1847, just born: large clear eyes that seemed to look for the blue sky, blond hair as they had a few among the Wittelsbach, already bore within herself the promise to become a very beautiful and contended girl.




- picture 2 - In this photograph the little Sophie Charlotte Augustine, 'Sopherl', is portrayed with her younger brother, Max Emanuel, 'Mapperl'




But from the Wittelsbachs she inherited especially her restlessness, which was so characteristic of the temperament of their Bavarian blood, and as happened for the future empress, Elizabeth, her older sister who she admired so much, it will affect her whole life.




- picture 3 - picture 4 - picture 5 - picture 6 - In these images it can be seen as she tried in every way to pose as her sister Elisabeth, combing her hair like her and making even portray herself in similar poses, the future empress was so admired by her to become the model on which she was trying to forge herself.




As time went on, honing her ways and her features, Sophie was getting prettier and more charming, becoming perhaps the most attractive amongst the Wittelsbach sisters after the Empress and early began to come forward some suitors asking for her hand when she was already a teenager; after refusing to marry the younger brother of the Emperor, already become her brother-in-law, Archduke Ludwig Victor, she agreed to become engaged, in love, but very surprised by the proposal, with her cousin Ludwig, the beautiful  and famous King of Bavaria, so loved and so close to Elisabeth and this was probably the happiest period of her youth, one in which waiting, courted, the time to become queen of Bavaria and give an heir to its crown.


The sudden, impulsive king's decision to get engaged with the princess Sofia in Bavaria remained a secret of State for about a week. On January 22nd, during the evening of the engagement, Ludwig attended with her mother to a play at the court theater. During the interval between the first and second act, together with Queen Mary, he went to the box of the Duke Max in Bavaria, leading then Sofia in the royal box with him: the girl went arm in arm with the sovereign, bowing to the amazed audience before taking place between mother and son. Those who were present at the scene didn't take much to imagine the symbolic meaning of this all, but they had to wait another week before this ambiguous statement received an  official confirmation: on January 29th, 1867 the news of the engagement was announced to both the Houses of Parliament and was greeted by greetings and congratulations from all the members of the Government. 1




- picture 7


- picture 8




The same Ludwig wrote in those days, "My love for her is deep and sincere."2

Radiant for the future that awaited her, the young Sophie began to appear in postcards, pictures, souvenirs next to his betrothed and to prepare, together with her mother and her sisters, her linen kit for the upcoming wedding.




- picture 9 


- picture 10




The old King Ludwig I, sending his congratulations to his nephew, summed up the feelings that many other members of the family felt. "May God bless your marriage, dear Ludwig! From long time I read in the eyes of the beautiful Sofia that you've  taken deep roots in her heart ..."3

The whole Wittelsbach family was experiencing a profound joy, first and foremost, the empress who saw the union as a blessing for both of them, although Sophie and Ludwig were very different, very practical and perhaps not as much learned  as he wanted, her, very poetic and dreamer him ...




- picture 11 - By Courtesy of the Cultural Association Elisabeth of Austria




The Empress Elisabeth of Austria, travelling to Zurich, passed by chance from Monaco just when it was announced the engagement of her sister. She ordered that the train would stop in the Bavarian capital so that she could personally congratulated the couple. Ludwig had retired to his bedroom at the Residenz with the excuse of a bad cold, but when he knew that Elisabeth was at the station, he got dressed in a hurry, went to take Sofia from his father's palace in the city and started with her to meet the Empress. Once there, Ludwig, with absolute lack of tact, in front of the girlfriend said to Elisabeth that the most attractive in Sophie was her resemblance to her older sister. 4

During their meetings the young couple was  always quite uncommunicative, and expressed much rather, by letter, Ludwig loved to write and sent her a countless amount of letters ... and he enjoyed to talk, but of art, of poetry, of culture, all things of which Sophie was not interested at all; after an initial postponement of the date of the wedding, set for August 25th, 1867 to October 12th Ludwig wanted it to be further postponed to November 28th, which saw intervene directly the Duke Max and it gave the young king the oppotunity, as he become more and more hesitant and uncertain, to revoke his commitment.

Needless to say, the young woman fell into utter despair and it was not easy at all for her to find the moral strength to recover and to return to a normal life; after refusing her hand to other suitors including Prince Louis of Portugal, the future King,  and the Duke Philip of Wurttemberg, the restless young Sophie finally found the man suitable to become her husband in the house of her aunt Queen Amalie Auguste of Saxony where she, distraught, found refugee.

On September 28th, 1868 in Possenhofen,  Sophie Charlotte Augustine married the Duke of Alençon Ferdinand of Orleans,




- picture 12




a grandson of King Louis Philippe to which she gave two so lovely children, Louise (19 July 1869) and Emmanuel (18 January 1872); 




- picture 13 - Sophie Charlotte with the little Emmanuel


- picture 14 - Louise and Emmanuel




despite the joys that the married life was giving her, Sophie was slowly falling into a depression from which not even the birth of her children managed to lift it, a depression which will culminate with the escape together with her lover in Switzerland, fact that was concealed to the chronicles of the time thanks to his wife's family and Karl Theodor, the elder brother of Sophie, who managed to block the escape of the lovers at Merano and bring her home to her family: she was 40 years old when he met dr.Glaser of Graz and fell in love with him, but  after the aforementioned episode, they'll be separated forever.
But Sophie wasn't in good health and was therefore made to intern in the clinic for nervous diseases of the famous Dr. Krafft-Ebing in Graz where they diagnosed that her mental disorders were generated from an infection due to scarlet fever, although we know that they were quite frequent in her family, probably if not generated, certainly exacerbated by frequent consanguineous  marriages.




- picture 15




She was declared cured after a few months and then she decided to devote fervently herself  to religion, devoting herself to prayer and to the poor people, and thus became part of the Third Order of Dominicans as a lay nun with the name of Sister Mary Magdalene.
From May 3rd and May 6th, 1897 took place in Paris a charity fair  organized by the Dominicans at the Bazar de la Charité to which they were also invited the Lumière brothers, whose materials usually used  was highly flammable.
Out of nowhere it began the flames began to flare in a big fire and, while everybody was running away in panic, Sophie Charlotte was concerned rather to rescue as many people as she could, not least the girls that were behind the counter with her, and when she decided to run away, the flames were much more faster than her: Sophie was only 50 years old.




- picture 16




Probably this was the last sad episode, after the loss of the little Sophie, the eldest daughter of Emperor Franz Joseph and her (Sophie Friederike Dorothea Maria Josepha, Archduchess of Austria, Vienna, March 5th, 1855 - Budapest, May 29th, 1857) , the beloved cousin Ludwig, King of Bavaria (Monaco of Bavaria, August 25th, 1845 - Lake Starnberg, June 13th, 1886) and hers son Rudolph, Archduke of Austria and Crown Prince (Laxenburg August 21st, 1858 - Mayerling, January 30th, 1889) , missings, the latters, still nowadays not completely clear, the death of her father, became elderly (Duke Max Joseph in Bavaria, Bamberg, December 4th, 1808 - Monaco of Bavaria, November 15th, 1888), that of her older sister Nenè ( Helene Karoline Theresia, Archdukess in Bavaria, Monaco of Bavaria, April 4th, 1834 - Ratisbona, May 16th, 1890 ) and that of her mother already affected by an early form of senile dementia (Princess Maria Ludovica Wilhelmine,  Monaco of Bavaria, August 30th, 1808 - Monaco, Germany, January 25th, 1892), the last episode, I was saying, which the fragile heart of the Empress had to try to adapt experiencing,  increasingly agonizing, 'the evil of living', the existential malaise that not for long will  daily distraught her, as she will survive her sister of only about a year and a half.


I apologize if this time I did write a lot, but I wanted, for the duty to report,  and fr passion , to let you know as many fully accurate and detailed events as possible.
I thank you once again for having followed me to date and I wish you all the best,


see you soon ♥ 

Bibliography: 

Hellmut Andics, Die Frauen der Habsburger, WILHELM HEYNE VERLAG, München, 1995;

Elisabetta d'Austria, Diario poetico, MGS PRESS SAS, 1998;

Maria Valeria d'Asburgo, La prediletta - Il diario della figlia di Sissi, a cura di Martha e Horst Schad, traduzione di Flavia Floradini, MGS PRESS, 2001;

Brigitte Hamann, Elisabeth. Kaiserin wieder Willen, Amalthea Verlag, Wien, München, 1982;

Greg King, LUDWIG. Genio e follia di un re, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.p.A., 1999;

Gabriele Praschl-Bichler, L'IMPERATRICE ELISABETTA, Longanesi & C. Editore, 1997.

Citazioni: 

1 - Greg King, LUDWIG. Genio e follia di un re, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.p.A., 1999, page 181;

2 , 3 - op. cit., page 182.