The history of the cat as a pet or companion animal, marked partly by veneration and partly by superstitions, takes us far back in time. The Egyptians were the first to admire this domestic feline and to enjoy his company because, in ancient Egypt, cats were worshiped as divine beings as strongly associated with the cat goddess Bastet. Bastet symbolized domesticity, fertility, and feminine grace while cats in general were highly venerated for their protective qualities. They were the guardians of the human household who safeguarded families from rodents and snakes. Women especially formed deep connections with these sacred animals, seeing them as companions in both spiritual and everyday life.
Cats were treated with religious reverence and emotional affection so much so that when they died, they were often mummified, similar to humans, and buried with them, because ancient Egyptians believed that they would be reunited with their owners in the afterlife. It goes without saying that killing a cat was considered a serious offense, potentially punishable by death, highlighting the high regard in which they were held.
Yet, this reverent relationship between women and cats will face dramatic transformation with the rise of European Christianity.
As Medieval Europe became increasingly governed by Christian belief, the church viewed cats as a threat because they had firmly held connections to old pagan religions and were still respected by many people, that’s what church wanted to stamp out. Cats, once sacred, were now depicted as evil, particularly black ones. The cat came to symbolize malevolence and witchcraft, becoming victims (along with women) of suspicion and superstition. Women who lived alone and kept cats faced especially harsh scrutiny.
In 1486 the German
Dominican friar Heinrich Kramer wrote the infamous witch-hunting guide the
Malleus Maleficarum. He was a man who was considered so extreme concerning his
views of women, witches, and how to eradicate them that he was declared
mentally unfit. But the damage was done, and Kramer’s book became the
"ufficial" source for hunting witches. The association of single
women with cats was solidified into sinister folklore.
Women living independently
– especially widows and spinsters – who owned or cared for cats were often
accused of witchcraft and their feline companions were labeled as familiars who
aided in their unholy spells. This created a lasting and destructive stigma for
both women and cats. And it was a legacy that would linger in cultural memory,
fueling suspicion and fear for generations.
By the 18th century, the label of “witch” had eventually
faded. Yet stigma around single, independent women and their cats persisted
despite it being an “enlightened age.” But instead of fearing these women, they
were now to be pitied. Unmarried women without children often had to rely on
their family for support. This frequently built a level of resentment both
towards the woman and any innocent cat she may have shared her days with. Both
were seen as a burden.
~ THE VICTORIAN AGE ~
Eventually, in the 19th century, cats began to receive much
more respect and recognition as valid pets as the atmosphere around them
changed. England’s increasing wealth in the 19th century made for an
environment of an “expanding middle class with money to spare and aspirations
for living like the upper classes.” This included the keeping of pets: if it
before had been seen as a “wasteful extravagance” that only the rich could
afford, by now pet ownership was a sign of moral virtue rather than that of corruption
or scorn.
~ FAMOUS VICTORIAN CAT LOVERS ~
The “Cult of Pet-Keeping” was firmly established by the
mid-19th century and was due in large part to Queen Victoria. Under her rule,
she set new standards for keeping royal pets. She is known to have had 88
different pets during her long reign and each and everyone of them had a name.
And while many of her pets were dogs, she also kept cats, the most famous being
a Persian cat she named White Heather. By publicly embracing cats, Victoria
helped legitimize them as pets, especially for women, and encouraged their
presence in middle and upper-class homes. The reason was simple: if the Queen
of England kept cats as pets, then surely their Medieval stigma and
Enlightenment disdain were outdated modes of thinking. It was also Queen Victoria who insisted that a cat be included in the picture of bronze meadal of the Band of Mercy Royal Society of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA)
The image of a cat is below on the right.
persuaded that something had to be done about the general aversion to cats "which were generally misunderstood and grossly ill-treated." (Katharine M. Rogers, Cat, 2006, p. 48.)
Truly, the Victorian Era was a much happier age for cats
than it had been for hundreds of years. Katharine Rogers agreed that during the nineteenth century the cat became identified “with the Victorian ideal of Home…It became an embodiment of domestic virtue.” (The Rise of Cats and Madness: III. The Nineteenth Century, 2022, p. 72.)
My Lady's Chamber by Walter Crane, Victorian illustrator for children books,
During this period cats were also increasingly associated with women, especially young women and female children. Many famous writers, poets, painters,
and philosophers owned cats. The famous British nurse and humanitarian Florence
Nightingale owned more than 60 cats during her lifetime, mostly Persians: some
even followed her in her many journeys. One of the more memorable of them was
named Mr. Bismark and was just one of the 17 cats that shared their lives with
her after she returned to London from the Crimean War. She described him as “the
most sensitively affectionate of cats, very gentle and really a lady” and his
paw prints often autographed her corrispondence. Other members of her feline
family included Big Pussie, Tom, Topsie, Tib, Gladstone, Mrs Tit, Mr Muff, Mr
Darky, Quiz. Being chronically ill in her later years, she took refuge in her
cats who, she said, possessed much more sympathy and feelings than human beings,
and when she died in 1910, it was no surprise to learn that she had made
provision for her remaining cats in her will. (Cfr. Florence Nightingale : the woman and her legend by Bostridge, Mark, London, Viking, 2009, p. 412). Other famous Victorian cat owners included John Keats (who
wrote Sonnet To A Cat), Percy Bysshe Shelley, whose first known poem at age ten
was Verses on a Cat, was once quoted as saying: “When my cats aren’t happy, I’m not happy. Not because I care about their mood, but because I know they are just sitting there, thinking up ways to get even.” and Lord Byron, who owned at least five cats at one time.
The list goes on with another poet, William Blake, who was noted to prefer cats to dogs. And
Charles Dickens had the comical experience of a favorite cat, William, later
giving birth to kittens and was thus promptly renamed Williamina. The Brontë sisters were also well-known as cat-lovers. In 1842 Emily wrote an essay on The Cat in which she noted: “I can say with sincerity that I like cats, also I can give you very good reasons why those who despise them are wrong.” According to Katherine Rogers, Anne and Charlotte Brontë “introduced cats into their novels to mark the difference between sensitive people, who consider the feelings of an ani-mal regardless of its conventional status, and obtuse ones, who despise cats as the associates of women and peasants." (The Rise of Cats and Madness: III. The
Nineteenth Century, op. cit., p. 75.)
Robert Southey, Poet Laureate of England from 1813-1843,
kept many cats. When one of his favorite cats died, Southey wrote his friend Grosvenor, who also owned a cat himself: “Alas, Grosvenor, this day poor Rumpel was found dead, after a long and happy a life as cat could wish for, if cats form wishes on that subject. His full titles were: The Most Noble, the Archduke Rumpelstilszchen, Marcus Macbum, Earl Tomlefnagne, Baron Raticide, Waowhler and Scratch. There should be a court-mourning in Catland, and if the Dragon (your pet cat) wear a black ribbon around his neck, or a band of crape 'a la militaire' round one of his fore paws it will be but a becoming mark of respect…I believe we are each and all, servants included, more sorry for his loss, or rather more affected by it, than any one of us would like to confess.” (The Rise of Cats and Madness: III. The Nineteenth Century, op. cit., p.74.) Sir Walter Scott was said to have “loved all his pets and particularly pampered his cats,” especially his favorite named Hinx. He wrote to a friend: “Ah! Cats are a mysterious kind of folk. There is more passing in their minds then we are aware of. It comes no doubt from their being too familiar with warlocks and witches.” William Wordsworth wrote a poem See The Kitten on the Wall and was quoted as saying that a kitten “is infinitely more amusing than half the people one is obliged to live with in this world.” Algernon Swinburne was said to be “devoted to cats,” especially his favorite named Atossa, and wrote a poem, To a Cat. John Clare, whose poetry celebrated the English countryside, included cats in several poems of his, including one titled The Cat Runs Races with Her Tail (Ibid.). It must be said that England was not unique in the attraction of its writers and poets to cats. Katherine Rogers claimed that “it would be hard to find a major nineteenth-century French writer who was not particularly fond of cats.” These included poets such as Charles Baudelaire, Thèophile Gautier, and Stéphane Mallarmé and the historian and critic Hippolyte Taine. This last one described himself as the “friend, master, and servant” of three cats, to whom he dedicated 12 sonnets of his. He also was quoted as saying: “I have studied many philosophers and many cats. The wisdom of cats is infinitely superior.”(Katharine M. Rogers, Cat, op. cit., pp 63 e 90).
Even on the other side of the Atlantic in America, cats were
entering into the human love affair of having a cat for companionship rather
than just for pest control. Samuel Clemens (better known as Mark Twain) was a devoted lover
of cats. He shared this love with his mother and then carried it over into his
own life when he had his own family. It was well-known that Clemens indulged
his passion for cats freely and once wrote to his wife while she was away
visiting family that the cats had “the run of the house. I wouldn’t take
thousands of dollars for them. Next to a wife I idolize, give me cat.”
One notable historical piece of evidence that cats were
becoming beloved by more than just “cat ladies” was the rise in paintings
featuring cats.
~ FAMOUS VICTORIAN PAINTER OF CATS ~
The first I want you to know is Henriëtte Ronner-Knip (Amsterdam, 1821), a celebrated Dutch painter known for her popular Victorian-era paintings of domestic pets, particularly cats and kittens in bourgeois settings. After 1870, she specialized in depicting cats with a focus on their texture, fur, and expressive personalities, capturing both their playful and tranquil moments. Her charming and sentimental portrayals, often featuring cats on fine furniture or in playful domestic scenes, were a hit with the growing middle class and royalty, making her a renowned "painter of cat families" throughout Europe.
Henriëtte Ronner-Knip, Globetrotters.
Ford Madox Brown (Calais, 1821) was an English painter who, although not officially a member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, significantly influenced the group's style by making their art known. A painter of moral and historical subjects, he was notable for his distinctively graphic and often Hogarthian version of the Pre-Raphaelite style. Amongst the others, for sure more famous, there's a painting of his in which we can see a daughter of his picking flowers in his garden with her cat.
Ford Madox Brown, The Nosegay.
Julius Anton Adam, known as "Cats Adam", (in German Katzen-Adam; Munich, 1852) was a German genre painter and animalier specialising in pictures of cats.
Julius Anton Adam, The Playful Kittens.
Carl Reichert (Vienna, 1836), son of the animal painter Franz Heinrich Reichert, was to follow in his father's footsteps and become a painter of genre, of pets, especially cats.
Carl Reichert, Cats and the Kokatoo.
But it was the Austrian artist Carl Kahler’s famous painting, My
Wife’s Lovers (1891-93) that is the undisputed winner of cat paintings. Austrian by birth (he was born in Linz in 1856), he settled first in Australia, then in New York, and finally in San Francisco, where he was contacted by a Californian millionaire, Kate Birdsall Johnson, with whom he signed a three-year contract to paint her cats. So, rather than portraying Johnson herself, Kahler’s painting celebrates her passion directly, capturing the personalities of each cat vividly. The artwork was a milestone in honoring the loving bond women shared with their feline companions. In My Wife Lovers he depicts the 42 most beloved cats of the 350 owned by the client, exploring their unique personalities.
Carl Kahler, My Wife's Lovers.
Even suffragists cleverly reclaimed the cat image and used cats to their advantage. They soon became symbols of independence, self-sufficiency, and dignity. Women began proudly posing for photographs with their feline companions celebrating the cats and themselves. The campaign worked and effectively subverted a negative stereotype into a powerful symbol of self-sufficiency and solidarity. Cats thus transitioned from stigmatized companions to iconic allies in the fight for gender equality.
Perhaps nothing symbolized the achievement of feline respectability more than the first English cat show. It took place at London’s Crystal Palace on July 16, 1871, organized by Harrison Weir, an artist who was interested in different cat breeds. (Cfr. ~ My little old world ~ post The first cat show in history: London, Crystal Palace, July 13th, 1871)
Frances Simpson, long-haired cat lover and Persian hybridizer, & Cambyses
And always in England, the new century will begin with an important contribution to the love for cats: Beatrix Potter, who in 1902 had published The Tale of Peter Rabbit, which became a classic, in 1907 will publish The Tale of Tom Kitten, a children book, which tells the story of a mother cat—Tabitha Twitchit—and her three children, Tom and his sisters Moppet and Mittens.
The Tale of Tom Kitten reinforced the emerging belief that cats were especially appropriate companions for small children.
I have to stop myself here, about this topic there's such a lot to say and write!
So let me end this post with the photograph of another adorable Victorian Cat Lady!
In the hope You've enjoyed with gladness
the time we spent together today,
I'm sending lots of love to You all.
See you soon ❤
SOURCES:
Florence Nightingale : the woman and her legend, Bostridge, Mark, London, Viking, 2009.
The Rise of Cats and Madness: III. TheNineteenth Century, 2022.
Cat, Katharine M. Rogers, London, Reaktion Books, 2006.
Dany
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